Today, I’ll explain some basic concepts about programming errors.
Making mistakes while programming is inevitable, which is why it’s important to learn not only how to write code but also how to find and fix errors in your programs.
Of course, this requires a lot of practice.

There are three main types of programming errors:

1. Compilation Errors

Compilation errors occur when there are syntax mistakes in the code. These errors are detected during the compilation process, when the code is being converted into an executable file.

Examples of compilation errors:

• Misspelling a variable name.
• Missing a curly brace { or }.
• Forgetting a semicolon ;.

Compilation errors are relatively easy to fix because the compiler points out exactly where the error occurred.

2. Logical Errors

Logical errors happen when there is a mistake in the program’s logic or algorithm. These errors are the hardest to detect because:

• The program compiles successfully.
• The program runs without crashing.
• However, the output is incorrect.

Example of a logical error:

public class RectangleArea {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int length = 5; // length
        int width = 3;  // width

        // Logical error: Calculating the perimeter instead of the area
        int area = length + width + length + width;

        System.out.println("Rectangle area: " + area);
    }
}

What happens?
The code compiles successfully because it is syntactically correct. When the program runs, it outputs a result, but the result is wrong.

Logical errors can only be identified during testing when the output is compared to the expected result.

3. Runtime Errors

Runtime errors occur while the program is running. The code may be syntactically correct, but during execution, the program encounters a situation it cannot handle and stops working.

Examples of runtime errors:

• Trying to access an array element that is out of bounds (e.g., an array has 5 elements, but the program tries to access index 8).
• Attempting to convert text containing letters into a number.

When a runtime error occurs, an exception is generated. If the program doesn’t include exception handling, it will crash and display an error message.

Mastering programming requires constant practice, and the ability to find and fix errors is one of the most essential skills for any programmer.